Table of contents
Understanding verbs
Recognizing the agent and the patient
Transitive and intransitive verbs
Recognizing the subject and the object
Changing active sentences to passive sentences
Change 1: Changing the form of the verb
Change 2: Switching the agent and the patient
Change 3: Adding ‘by’
Change 4: Adding ‘be’
Adding ‘be’ to simple sentences
Adding ‘be’ to progressive sentences
Adding ‘be’ to sentences in perfect tenses
Answers to exercises
Understanding verbs
verbs ایسے الفاظ ہیں جن سے کام کرنا یا ہونا ظاہر ہو۔ مندرجہ ذیل sentences میں verbs معلوم کریں:
- She likes sandwiches.
- My father teaches me English every day.
- We wash our clothes every Saturday.
- Ali and Ahsan wear clean shoes.
- All the people on this street do their businesses.
امید ہے کہ آپ کے جوابات likes, teaches, wash, wear, do ہی رہے ہوں گے اس کے علاوہ جوابات درست نہیں ہیں۔
Recognizing the agent and the patient
آپ نے دیکھا ہو گا کہ ہر verb سے پہلے اور بعد میں بھی کچھ الفاظ موجود ہیں۔ ان میں سے دوطرح کے الفاظ کا تعلق verb سے ہے، اور یہ verb کے بارے میں مندرجہ ذیل سوالوں کا جواب دیتے ہیں:
i) who/what (کون)
ii) whom/what (کسے/کیا)
ان میں سے پہلے سوال کے جواب سے یہ معلوم ہوتا ہے کہ verb جس کام کو ظاہر کرتا ہے اسے کرنے والا کون ہے؛ اسے agent کہتے ہیں۔ دوسرے سوال کے جواب سے ہمیں یہ معلوم ہوتا ہے کہ verb جس کام کو ظاہر کرتا ہے وہ کس پر ہوا یا اس کا اثر کس نے قبول کیا؛ اسے patient کہتے ہیں۔
Exercise 1
اوپر دیے گئے پانچ sentences سے agent اور patient الگ کریں۔ ایک مثال دی گئی ہے۔
No | Agent | Patient |
---|---|---|
1 | she | sandwiches |
2 | ||
3 | ||
4 | ||
5 |
اوپر ان پانچ sentences میں کیا چیز verb سے پہلے موجود ہے، patient یا agent؟
Transitive and intransitive verbs
transitive verbs کے لیے patient کا ہونا لازمی ہوتا ہے کیوں کہ اس کے بغیر verb کا تصور مکمل نہیں ہوتا، مثلاً اوپر sentences میں دیے گئے تمام verbs ہی transitive ہیں۔
بعض verbs میں patient کا ہونا ضروری نہیں ہوتا۔ ایسے verbs پر دوسرا سوال یعنی whom/what کرنا عجیب لگتا ہے۔ ان verbs کو ہم intransitive verbs کہتے ہیں مثلاً:
The patient died.
He will come today.
کسی بھی sentence کا verb اگر intransitive ہو تو اس کو passive میں تبدیل نہیں کیا جا سکتا۔
Recognizing the subject and the object
آپ اوپر agent اور patient کے بارے میں پڑھ آئے ہیں کہ اِن میں سے جو بھی sentence میں verb سے پہلے موجود ہو گا subject کہلائے گا اور جو بعد میں موجود ہو گا object کہلائے گا۔ مندرجہ ذیل تفصیل آپ کو انہیں پہچاننے میں مزید مدد دے گی۔
بعض subject اور object ایک word پر مشتمل ہوتے ہیں مثلاً:
Horses eat grass.
اس میں horses بطور subject ہے جب کہ grass بطور object ۔
بعض اوقات subject اور object ایک سے زائد الفاظ پر مشتمل ہوتے ہیں مثلاً:
a/an/the/this/that/my/your + noun
The cat was chasing the rat.
اس sentence میں the cat اور the rat بالترتیب بطور subject اور object استعمال ہوئے ہیں۔
Exercise 2
مندرجہ ذیل sentences سے subject اور object الگ الگ کریں۔ اگر object موجود نہ ہو تو اس کی جگہ × کانشان لگا دیں۔
- Aslam was reading a book.
- Nida was driving her car.
- The moon will appear (ظاہر ہونا) soon.
- Their dogs do not kill cats.
- The police searched their pockets.
بعض اوقات subject یا object کے طور پر استعمال ہونے والے noun کے ساتھ کوئی adjective بھی استعمال ہوتا ہے۔ اس صورت میں وہ noun اس adjective اور باقی words سمیت subject یا object ہو گا، مثلاً:
A big brown cat was walking there.
اس sentence میں a big brown cat کے الفاظ بطور subject استعمال ہوئے ہیں۔
Exercise 3
مندرجہ ذیل sentences سے subject اور object الگ الگ کریں۔
- A white man was calling the doctor.
- Sarmad sold all the old houses.
- Haider saw many venomous (زہریلے) snakes.
- The friends watched an old horror movie.
- The artist was drawing her long face.
اگر کسی noun کے ساتھ کوئی relative clause موجود ہو تو وہ subject یا object کا ہی حصہ شمار ہو گا، مثلاً:
The principal fined the students who came late.
اس میں the principal بطور subject اور the students who came late بطور object ہیں۔
بعض اوقات ایک سے زیادہ noun phrases کو and یا or کے ذریعے ملایا ہوتا ہے۔ اس صورت میں تمام phrases مل کر subject یا object ہوں گے، مثلاً:
His house and car are for sale.
Rashid, Wasim, Azhar and Kamran play cricket.
This shop sells books, stationery, gifts and garments.
اوپر دیے گئے sentences میں بولڈ کیا گیا حصہ subject یا object ہے۔
بعض اوقات nouns کے ساتھ کوئی preposition phrase بھی استعمال ہوتا ہے جو اس noun phrase کا حصہ ہوتا ہے۔ ایسی صورت میں مکمل noun phrase مع preposition phrase بطور subject یا object استعمال ہوتا ہے، مثلاً:
The people in the street are carrying placards.
Please pluck all the flowers in the garden.
ان sentences میں the people in the street بطور subject ہے اور all the flowers in the garden بطور object ہے۔
personal pronouns جب nominative case میں ہوں تو وہ subject ہوتے ہیں، اور جب وہ accusative case میں ہوں تو object ہوتے ہیں۔
nominative pronouns: I, we, you, he, she, it, they
accusative pronouns: me, us, you, him, her, it, them
ان میں you اور it دونوں cases میں ایک جیسے ہیں۔ اگر you یا it کسی verb سے پہلے آئیں تو یہ subject ہوں گے، اگر you یا it کسی verb کے بعد آئیں تو یہ object ہوں گے۔
Exercise 4
مندرجہ ذیل sentences سے object, subject اور verb الگ الگ کریں۔
- The thief pulled (باہر نکالنا) a gun.
- Ross needs some coffee.
- Journalists fixate (پوری توجہ دینا) on scandals.
- Helen wrenched (موچ آنا) her ankle.
- That man out there writes novels.
- Farmers grow vegetables every year.
- She runs a detective agency (جاسوسی ایجنسی).
- We repair old cars.
- I will send a new purchase order (خریداری کی درخواست).
- Ali and Aslam are buying a very costly car.
Changing active sentences to passive sentences
وہ sentences جن میں agent کسی verb سے پہلے موجود ہو active کہلاتے ہیں۔ اگر agent کی بجائے patient کسی verb سے پہلے موجود ہو تو ایسے sentences کو passive کہا جاتا ہے۔کسی active sentence کو passive میں تبدیل کرنے کے لیے مندرجہ ذیل تبدیلیاں مرحلہ وار کی جاتی ہیں:
Change 1: Changing the form of the verb
active sentence کے verb کی past participle form استعمال کریں، اس کو عموماً the third form of the verb کہا جاتا ہے.
Exercise 5
مندرجہ ذیل sentences میں verbs معلوم کریں اور ہر sentence کے سامنے اس verb کی past participle form لکھیں۔
- My mother cooks food. ……………………………………………
- Jimmy sells cars. ……………………………………………
- The cook broke a cup. ……………………………………………
- I do my homework. ……………………………………………
- They stole money. ……………………………………………
- We avoid them. ……………………………………………
Change 2: Switching the agent and the patient
اس میں patient اور agent آپس میں اپنی جگہ کا ادل بدل کرلیتے ہیں یعنی agent کی جگہ پر patient کو لے آتے ہیں، اور patient کو agent کی جگہ پر لے جاتے ہیں، مثلاً:
Agent
My mother cooks Food
Patient
Food …………………………….. my mother
personal pronouns جب agent سے patient یا patient سے agent کی جگہ پر جاتے ہیں تو نئی جگہ کے مطابق اپنی form تبدیل کر لیتے ہیں۔
جب personal pronoun کو agent سے patient کی جگہ پر لے جائیں تو اس کی accusative form استعمال ہو گی یعنی me, us, you, him, her, it, them۔
جب کسی personal pronoun کو patient سے agent کی پر لے جائیں تو اس کی nominative form استعمال ہو گی یعنی I, we, you, he, she, it, they۔
Agent
We avoid them.
Patient
them we
They ………………….. us.
Change 3: Adding ‘by’
passive sentence میں agent سے پہلے by لگاتے ہیں، مثلاً:
by my mother ……………… food
Change 4: Adding ‘be’
لفظ be کو passive sentences میں بطور auxiliary verb استعمال کرتے ہیں، یہ ایک اضافی auxiliary ہوتا ہے۔ be کی مندرجہ ذیل forms ہیں:
Present | Past | Past participle | Gerund-participle | 3rd-singular present |
---|---|---|---|---|
be | was, were | been | being | is |
am, are |
tenses یا تو simple ہوتے ہیں یا ان میں کسی aspect کا استعمال ہوتا ہے، اسی کے مطابق ان میں be کی کوئی form استعمال ہوتی ہے۔
Adding ‘be’ to simple sentences
simple present tense میں verb کی present form یا 3rd-singular present form استعمال ہوتی ہے۔ اس tense کو passive میں بدلتے ہوئے is/am/are کا اضافہ کرتے ہیں۔ passive sentence میں باقی تبدیلیاں کرنے کے بعد patient کے مطابق is/am/are لگائیں، مثلاً:
We avoid them. (Active)
They are avoided by us. (Passive)
She attends classes. (Active)
Classes are attended by her. (Passive)
The teachers punish him. (Active)
He is punished by the teachers. (Passive)
He likes sandwiches. (Active)
Sandwiches are liked by him. (Passive)
اس tense کے negative/interrogative sentences میں باقی تبدیلیاں کرنے کے بعد do/does کی جگہ is/am/are لگانے سے passive sentence بن جاتا ہے مثلاً:
We do not avoid them. (Active)
They are not avoided by us. (Passive)
She does not attend classes. (Active)
Classes are not attended by her. (Passive)
Do the teachers punish him? (Active)
Is he punished by the teachers? (Passive)
Does he like sandwiches? (Active)
Are sandwiches liked by him? (Passive)
simple past tense کے active sentences میں the past form of the verb یا 2nd form of the verb استعمال ہوتی ہے۔ اس کے passive sentences میں باقی تبدیلیاں کرنے کے بعد patient کے مطابق was/were استعمال کرتے ہیں۔
She missed the beginning of the concert. (Active)
The beginning of the concert was missed by her. (Passive)
He wore a wig. (Active)
A wig was worn by him. (Passive)
They owned many houses. (Active)
Many houses were owned by them. (Passive)
simple futures tense کے active sentences میں will/shall کے ساتھ present form of verb استعمال ہوتی ہے۔ اس tense میں باقی تبدیلیاں کر کے shall/will کے بعد be کا اضافہ کرنے سے passive sentence بن جاتا ہے ، مثلاً:
I shall speak English. (Active)
English will be spoken by me. (Passive)
The doctor will pull out the tooth. (Active)
The tooth will be pulled out by the doctor. (Passive)
اس tense کے negative sentences میں باقی تبدیلیاں کر کے not کے بعد be کا اضافہ کرنے سے passive sentences بن جاتے ہیں، مثلاً:
I shall not speak English. (Active)
English will not be spoken by me. (Passive)
The doctor will not pull out the tooth. (Active)
The tooth will not be pulled out by the doctor. (Passive)
اس tense کے interrogative sentences میں باقی تبدیلیاں کرکے patient کے بعد be لگانے سے passive sentences بن جاتے ہیں، مثلاً:
Will the king take it away? (Active)
Will it be taken away by the king? (Passive)
آپ نے دیکھا کہ اگرکوئی preposition کسی verb کا حصہ ہو تو passive میں وہ اپنے verb کے ساتھ مل جاتی ہے۔
Exercise 6
اب مندرجہ ذیل sentences کو passive میں تبدیل کریں اور teacher کو دکھائیں:
- He bought some books.
- The boys will eat cakes.
- She needs some coffee.
- Doctors do not wear caps.
- A cat does not eat grass.
- Your brother did not attend the party.
- His car did not require washing.
- Does she spend too much money?
- Did your cousins buy hats?
- Will she tell a story?
Adding ‘be’ to progressive sentences
progressive tenses کے active sentences میں ایک auxiliary verb پہلے سے موجود ہوتا ہے۔ باقی تبدیلیاں کرنے کے بعد پہلے سے موجود auxiliary verb کے بعد being کا اضافہ کرنے سے passive sentence بن جاتا ہے، مثلاً:
My sister is cleaning my room. (Active)
My room is being cleaned by my sister. (Passive)
She was singing songs. (Active)
Songs were being sung by her. (Passive)
اِس بات کا خیال رکھیں کہ پہلے سے موجود auxiliary verb بھی patient کے مطابق تبدیل ہو سکتا ہے، مثلاً اوپر active sentence میں was تھا لیکن passive sentence میں patient یعنی songs کی وجہ سے was کی بجائے were استعمال کیا گیا ہے۔
یاد رکھیں کہ future progressive tense کو عموماً passive voice میں استعمال نہیں کیا جاتا۔
progressive tenses کے negative sentences کو passive میں تبدیل کرتے وقت باقی تمام تبدیلیاں کر کے not کے بعد being کا اضافہ کرتے ہیں:
He was not managing meetings. (Active)
Meetings were not being managed by him. (Passive)
Adnan was not smoking a cigarette. (Active)
A cigarette was not being smoked by Adnan. (Passive)
progressive tenses کے interrogative sentences کو passive میں تبدیل کرتے وقت باقی تمام تبدیلیاں کرنے کے بعد patient کے بعد being کا اضافہ کرتے ہیں، مثلاً:
Was Naila counting chickens? (Active)
Were chickens being counted by Naila? (Passive)
Is she answering the questions? (Active)
Are the questions being answered by her? (Passive)
Exercise 7
اب مندرجہ ذیل sentences کو passive میں تبدیل کر کے teacher کو دکھائیں۔
- The teacher is taking attendance.
- The students are learning their lessons.
- The elephant was waving the trunk.
- The farmers were milking cows.
- She was not wearing a perfume.
- My father was not building a new house.
- He is not switching the lights on.
- Was Tahira eating lunch?
- Is she spending more money?
- Are you depositing (بینک میں جمع کرانا) money.
Adding ‘be’ to sentences in perfect tenses
perfect tenses میں has/ have/ had/ will have / shall have کے بعد past participle form of verb یا third form of the verb استعمال ہوتی ہے۔ اِن tenses کے sentences کو passive میں تبدیل کرنے کے لیے باقی تمام تبدیلیاں کرنے کے بعد پہلے سے موجود auxiliary verb اور main verb کے درمیان been لگاتے ہیں، مثلاً:
We have watched that movie. (Active)
That movie has been watched by us. (Passive)
Doctors had cured many deadly diseases. (Active)
Many deadly diseases had been cured by doctors. (Passive)
She will have cooked dinner. (Active)
Dinner will have been cooked by her. (Passive)
یاد رکھیں کہ ان tenses کے passive sentences میں پہلے سے موجود auxiliary verb میں patient کے مطابق تبدیلی آ سکتی ہے۔
ان tenses کے negative sentences کو passive میں تبدیل کرتے وقت باقی تمام تبدیلیاں کرنے کے بعد پہلے سے موجود auxiliary verb کے بعد not لگاتے ہیں، مثلاً:
We have not watched that movie. (Active)
That movie has not been watched by us. (Passive)
Doctors had not cured many deadly diseases. (Active)
Many deadly diseases had not been cured by doctors. (Passive)
She will not have cooked dinner. (Active)
Dinner will not have been cooked by her. (Passive)
ان tenses کے interrogative sentences میں تمام تبدیلیاں کرنے کے بعد patient اور main verb کے درمیان been کا اضافہ کرنے سے وہ passive بن جاتے ہیں، مثلاً:
Have we watched that movie? (Active)
Has that movie been watched by us? (Passive)
Had doctors cured many diseases? (Active)
Had many diseases been cured by doctors? (Passive)
Will she have cooked dinner? (Active)
Will dinner have been cooked by her? (Passive)
Exercise 8
اب مندرجہ ذیل sentences کو passive میں تبدیل کر کے teacher کو دکھائیں۔
- They have eaten fish.
- My friends had done tough jobs (مشکل).
- The cargo service will have shipped (بحری جہاز سے منتقل کرنا) the goods.
- He will not have read the letters.
- The carpenter had not fixed the door.
- He has not wound the watches.
- Have you ever seen a live wolf?
- Had he got much money?
- Will they have solved the exercises?
- Has she always worn a hat?
یاد رکھیں کہ perfect progressive tenses کو عام طور پر passive voice میں تبدیل نہیں کیا جاتا۔
Answers to exercises
Answers to exercise 1
No. | Agent | Patient |
---|---|---|
1. | She | sandwiches |
2. | My father | English |
3. | We | our clothes |
4. | Ali and Ahsan | clean shoes |
5. | All the people on this street | their businesses |
Answers to exercise 2
No. | Subject | Object |
---|---|---|
1. | Aslam | a book |
2. | Nida | her car |
3. | The moon | x |
4. | Their dogs | cats |
5. | The police | their pockets |
Answers to exercise 3
No. | Subject | Object |
---|---|---|
1. | A white man | the doctor |
2. | Sarmad | all the old houses |
3. | Haider | many venomous snakes |
4. | The friends | an old horror movie |
5. | The artist | her long face |
Answers to exercise 4
No. | Subject | Object | Verb |
---|---|---|---|
1. | The thief | a gun | pulled |
2. | Ross | some coffee | needs |
3. | Journalists | scandals | fixate |
4. | Helen | her ankle | wrenched |
5. | That man out there | novels | writes |
6. | Farmers | vegetables | grow |
7. | She | a detective agency | runs |
8. | We | old cars | repair |
9. | I | a new purchase order | send |
10. | Ali and Aslam | a very costly car | buying |
Answers to exercise 5
- cooks, cooked
- sells, sold
- broke, broken
- do, done
- stole, stolen
- avoid, avoided
Answers to exercise 6
- Some books were bought by him.
- Cakes will be eaten by the boys.
- Some coffee is needed by her.
- Caps are not worn by doctors.
- Grass is not eaten by a cat.
- The party was not attended by your brother.
- Washing was not required by his car.
- Is too much money spent by her?
- Were hats bought by your cousins?
- Will a story be told by her?
Answers to exercise 7
- Attendance is being taken by the teacher.
- Their lessons are being learnt by the students.
- The trunk was being waved by the elephant.
- Cows were being milked by the farmers.
- A perfume was not being worn by her.
- A new house was not being built by my father.
- The lights are not being switched on by him.
- Was lunch being eaten by Tahira?
- Is more money being spent by her?
- Is money being deposited by you?
Answers to exercise 8
- Fish has been eaten by them.
- Tough jobs had been done by my friends.
- The goods will have been shipped by the cargo service.
- The letters will not have been read by him.
- The door had not been fixed by the carpenter.
- The watches have not been wound by him.
- Has a live wolf been ever seen by you?
- Had much money been got by him?
- Will the exercises have been solved by them?
- Has a hat been always worn by her?
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